face="Times New Roman Star"a stone pillar erected on a grave
face="Times New Roman Star"каменная колонна на могиле, истукан
face="Times New Roman Star"balbal (Orkh., Yen.)
face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 333. Borrowed (possibly from an unattested Bulgar source) in Old Russ. bolvanъ, Hung. ba/lva/ny 'stone idol' (suggestion of Melioranski, evidently preferable to the hypothesis of Korsch-Dmitriev < Pers. pahlava:n, see Шипова 84-85, Аникин 114).
face="Times New Roman Star"1 nail, peg 2 corner 3 penis 4 fir
face="Times New Roman Star"1 гвоздь, колышек, чека 2 угол 3 penis 4 хвойное дерево
face="Times New Roman Star"c?y/iv 2 (OUygh.)
face="Times New Roman Star"(c?iz?| 1 MK - a miswriting instead *c?iv?)
face="Times New Roman Star"c?ivi 1
face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"j 'wedge, cotter'
face="Times New Roman Star"c?uv 1
face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"a" 3 (R, by animals), c?iva" 'space between legs above the knees', c?ivila"n 'back saddlegirth' (fixed with a wooden peg)
face="Times New Roman Star"c?iv 1
face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"j 1
face="Times New Roman Star"c?iis? 'wedge'
face="Times New Roman Star"s?u"j 1
face="Times New Roman Star"so"j 1
face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"j 1
face="Times New Roman Star"c?ivi 1
face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"j, c?u"w, (K) c?ivij 1
face="Times New Roman Star"s?u"j 1
face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"j 1
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 110, 121, EDT 393-394, 396, Лексика 125, 398. Because of well known semantic correlations of the type 'penis': 'thorn': 'fir (needle)' it is tempting to compare also the name of the fir-tree: Tat. dial. (КСТТ) c?ivi, cyvy, Khak. syby, Shor s?u"be, Oyr. c?ibi (Tuba c?yby), Tuva s?ivi, Tof. s?ibi. However, the intermediate form meaning 'thorn' is not attested, and the medial consonant here is rather *-p- (unless we suppose interdialectal loans), so it may be unrelated.
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 118-119. Note however that most of the forms listed in VEWT actually reflect PT *c?opur (v. sub *s?op`e/), so the root *c?ubar appears to be very late and local.
face="Times New Roman Star"sug|a, sag|a (Anatri), polъ sog|alъ (Viryal) 2
face="Times New Roman Star"sag|aq 1
face="Times New Roman Star"sag|aq 1
face="Times New Roman Star"hag|aq 3
face="Times New Roman Star"sag|aq 2
face="Times New Roman Star"sag|aq 1, 2
face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 807-808, ЭСТЯ 7, Лексика 220-222, Федотов 2, 68, Ашм. IX, 279, XI, 216. There is some confusion between this root and *san|ak (v. sub *sen|a). Turk. > WMong. sag|ag|, Kalm. sag|@g (KW 308). PT *sakkal 'beard' (full list of reflexes see in ЭСТЯ 7) is a probable derivative ( > MMong. (SH) sag|al, WMong. saqal, Kalm. sax@l, KW 308; > Hung. szaka/l, see Gombocz 1912; Mong. > Evk. sakal etc., see Doerfer MT 100).
face="Times New Roman Star"sin|-; syn|- 'to fit into'
face="Times New Roman Star"sin|-
face="Times New Roman Star"sin|-
face="Times New Roman Star"sin|-
face="Times New Roman Star"hi>n|-
face="Times New Roman Star"sin|-
face="Times New Roman Star"sin-
face="Times New Roman Star"sin-
face="Times New Roman Star"sin|-
face="Times New Roman Star"sin|-
face="Times New Roman Star"sin|-
face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 833-834, Мудрак Дисс. 43, ЭСТЯ 7. The Khak., Shor and Tuva forms may have been influenced by *syg- 'to fit into' (v. sub *si>/gu/).
face="Times New Roman Star"mother, elder sister, aunt
face="Times New Roman Star"мать, старшая сестра, тетя
face="Times New Roman Star"apa (Yen.)
face="Times New Roman Star"epe ? apa (Oghuz=Qarluq Tu"rkmen, MK)
face="Times New Roman Star"aba (Ank.), dial. apa
face="Times New Roman Star"apa
face="Times New Roman Star"apa 'elder sister' (Sangl.)
face="Times New Roman Star"o|pa
face="Times New Roman Star"apa
face="Times New Roman Star"apa, afa (dial.)
face="Times New Roman Star"abic?e (< aba-ec?e)
face="Times New Roman Star"abune (< aba-ene)
face="Times New Roman Star"ava
face="Times New Roman Star"aba
face="Times New Roman Star"apa
face="Times New Roman Star"apa
face="Times New Roman Star"aba
face="Times New Roman Star"apa
face="Times New Roman Star"aba
face="Times New Roman Star"apaj (Q)
face="Times New Roman Star"apa
face="Times New Roman Star"abaj, apaj
face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 5, ЭСТЯ 1, 158-159, ССЯ 290-291, Лексика 300, 301, TMN 2, 3, Аникин 90. Front row variants (Tur. eve, Kaz. ebej, Yak., Dolg. ebe etc., see ЭСТЯ 1, 220-221, Stachowski 42) are recent and may have a Mong. origin.
face="Times New Roman Star"ЭСТЯ 1, 237-241, TMN 2, 176, EDT 41, Лексика 324-325, Stachowski 122. Some forms (Tur. ys, is, Yak. ic?c?i etc.) go back to a suffixed *ede-si; the Khak. and Shor forms should be explained as a haplology of the same form.
face="Times New Roman Star"eksi-, eksil- 1, eksik 2
face="Times New Roman Star"eksu"- 1 (Abush.), o"ksu"-, o"ksu"l- 1 (Pav. C.), o"ksu"k 2 (Abush., Pav. C.)
face="Times New Roman Star"o"gsu"- 1 (dial.)
face="Times New Roman Star"a"skik 2
face="Times New Roman Star"egis-, egsil- 1, egsik 2
face="Times New Roman Star"iks@l- 1, j@ksek 2
face="Times New Roman Star"o"ksu"- 1, o"ksu"k 2
face="Times New Roman Star"jisil- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"eksil- 1, eksik 2
face="Times New Roman Star"ЭСТЯ 1, 257-258, Егоров 77, Мудрак Дисс. 199; EDT 106, 117. The Chuv. Anlaut is not quite clear (iks@l- < *j@ks@l-?; one of the cases with prothetic j-, so the openness / closedness of the vowel in PT remains unknown); Федотов 1, 193 derives Chuv. j@ksik from PT *jek (v. sub *l/a:\k`e\), but this is phonetically impossible.
face="Times New Roman Star"kelegu" 'al-yarbu:' (MK)
face="Times New Roman Star"kelen(g)i, geleni, dial. gelenki
face="Times New Roman Star"kelen|u" (IM)
face="Times New Roman Star"kelemis?, keler, keles
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 249, EDT 718, ЭСТЯ 5, 31, Лексика 181. The root is not widely attested (although mentioned by MK), and may become confused with the root for 'lizard'; in Turkic dialects folk-etymologically influenced by gelin 'bride' (cf. also gelincek 'weasel', see Цивьян 1979), which would explain voiced g- (irregular in the Altaic perspective).
face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 121-122, VEWT 39, TMN 2, 194, ЭСТЯ 1, 339-343, Егоров 352, Лексика 316. The meaning "peace" attested in MK is probably the most archaic (cf. the external parallels; typologically cf. also Slavic *mirъ 'peace' > 'world'), suggesting a development *'peace' > 'peaceful people, realm, country'.
